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Senin, 31 Oktober 2016
Advertising Structure
reference : https://www.google.co.id/search?q=advertising+structure&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=672&tbm=isch&imgil=T5yIDLuR4cGcwM%253A%253Bgbue-jOq657GdM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fkalyan-city.blogspot.com%25252F2013%25252F08%25252Fdepartments-and-organizational.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=T5yIDLuR4cGcwM%253A%252Cgbue-jOq657GdM%252C_&usg=__NzmURNN8l8BnzkOfiI0NrgKu2e4%3D&ved=0ahUKEwjOpqm99YTQAhUBpo8KHZXqCxcQyjcIJg&ei=GigXWM6xDoHMvgSV1a-4AQ#imgrc=0udDGWSj-xkPRM%3A
Language Styles in Advertisement
Abstract
This study examines adverts associated with business premises, vehicles and institutions in languages like English, Kiswahili and Ekegusii that are found in the two towns of Kisii and Keroka. These adverts are studied in terms of context, content and invitation or persuasion potential using the semiotics linguistic landscape (L L) for easier categorization. The study employs the Sperber and Wilson theory of Relevance (RT) focusing on the narrowing and broadening of words’ meanings, disambiguation, and adding of social meaning; and presuppositions in the language, that formulate information and strategy of advertising.
Introduction
The modern world is bombarded with all sorts of advertising from the most sophisticated signage associated with technological advancement, employed by the rich corporations to the poor businesses‟ uneven graffiti or placards announcing sale of charcoal or kerosene in the backstreet. Since language forms the core of all advertising Schmidt and Kass (1986), Tanaka (1999), Borcers (2005), Lee (2008) assert that advertisers use rhetorical devices, techniques and strategies to achieve their goals of moving their audience and changing their attitudes.
Theoretical Framework
To study consumer advertising signs their linguistic means were analyzed through the use of Relevance Theory (RT) and the Pragmatic theory of presupposition. According to El-daly (2011) presupposition and relevance theory are important because they allow us to see the primary means by which advertisements can communicate much more information than what is explicitly presented in them.
Presupposition Theory and Advertising
Yule (2007) defines presupposition (pre-supposition = „an assumption that comes before‟) as an assumption by a speaker or writer about what is true or already known by the listener or reader. It is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Presupposition is a kind of pragmatic inference “based more closely on the actual linguistic structure of sentences” Levinson (1989: 167). Strawson (1952) defines it as a type of pragmatic inference. For example, a sentence such as “The cold war has ended” presupposes the existence of the entities it refers to, in this case the „cold war‟. According to Lam (2009) presupposition makes an advertisement persuasive and comparative, short and memorable without breaking regulations. Sells and Gonzales (2002); calls it a carrier of cultural values and a form of cultural and social communication. Pollay (1986) believes this makes it possible for information to be shared between the reader and advertiser without explanation or need for convincing.
Methodology
The fact that there were numerous signs in these towns that could attract study, sampling was done. In fact it was not possible to test the whole population during research Kathuri and Pals (1993). In total there were 175 ads collected but using Krejcie and Morgan‟s (1970) sampling technique 120 adverts were selected. The study used purposive sampling technique to arrive at the sample that was used in data analysis. The underlying principle of this method involved identifying in advance the type of areas to be studied Milroy, (1987). The researcher used purposive sampling based on those signs that he deemed possessed the most informative and communicative aspects for this study. A preliminary classification helped to sort out just what was being investigated; what types of advertisements, for what products, in what media and so on (Dyer 1982). Milroy (1987) argues that large samples will only amount to large amounts of data and consume more time to analyze, yet the result will not be dissimilar.
Key Summary Based on the Finding
Dijk (1977) observes that Context involves properties of the utterance, para-linguistic properties, actual observation, knowledge/beliefs in memory, type of interaction going on, both local and global level, knowledge about inter(action rules) and word knowledge. On the other hand, social context is characterized by following categories namely, private, public, institutional or formal and informal. These social contexts are equally determined by the following properties: Positions (e.g. rules, status etc.); Properties (e.g. sex, age); Relations (e.g. dominance, authority) Functions (e.g., father, judge, and waitress. Through the use of linguistic landscape the study realized the following categories depicting the physical world in which these ads exist as pointed out above.
Vehicles
Public Passenger Vehicles e.g. Best one, Game Short; My Heart‟s Desire; Madonna of the Road; Adhiambo Sianda etc. Personal Private Vehicle’s e.g. Seriously Kenyan; The Animal etc. Service Vehicles e.g. Royal Maternity; No Hurry in Africa etc.
Goods and Services
Supermarkets e.g. Tuskys Chigware, Pay less Get More; Menora two thousand and eight Supermarket: Buy more for less etc. Shops e.g. Bike Bokie Traders; Double „M Variety Shop; Bajaj: Distinctly Ahead etc. Food Joints e.g. Jirani Take Away Chips; Tea Room Old Skool “A one stop turbo filling station” etc. Goods e.g. G-TIDE Touch me Touch the World; Tuff Foam Lala Salama etc. Services e.g. Bon Artist 20 Minutes Service; Chap Chap Kinyozi etc. Information Technology e.g. Computer Factor (K) Ltd.; Top Focus Communication etc.
Institutions
Public Schools e.g. St. Charles Lwanga Girls‟ High School. Summum Bonum, Motto: Accompanied with Aspire to Excel; Kisii (GAS) High School: Strive for Excellence
Private Schools e.g. Vision Junior Academy; Pre-school & Class 1-4: Gateway to Success; A.I.C Grace Academy .Motto: By God’s Grace We Excel Churches e.g.
African Inland Church Kisii Town …Location behind Kisii Primary; Redeemed Gospel Church: Place of Impartation &Commissioning, Along Hema Hospital Road etc.
Medical e.g. Framo Medical Clinic AMUA! Family Planning Clinic; Jipangie Maisha . Ministry of Medical Services Masaba District Hospital. Huduma Bora ni Haki Yako etc.
Banks e.g. Family Bank: Your Partner for Life; KWFT: Microfinance: Banking on Women, etc.
The above categories are representative of what the researcher collected in the Keroka and Kisii towns. The represent of the existing social and cultural contexts Belch and Belch (1995) Klima (2008). According to Cook (2001) shared information (schema) between the audience and advertiser, plays such an essential role through ellipsis and assumptions of shared knowledge, to the extend ads create an atmosphere of intimacy and informality.
Content
The section involved assessing the lexical, semantic and syntactic properties of the sampled ads. The first step was picking on the parts of speech of the English Grammar. The recurring parts were nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions. Articles, numbers and abbreviations also featured in most of the ads. At a glance nouns made the bulk of these items followed by adjectives, adverbs, verbs in that order.
Nouns e.g. Blessings, Revolution; Noun Phrases e.g. The Animal, Prestige Shuttle; Active
Verbs e.g. Double „M Variety Shop, Tuma Pesa Season Logistics
Verbal Phrases e.g. Bend Over; Adjectival Phrases e.g. Latest News, Fine Couch Salon
Adverbial Phrases e.g. Long Lasting Battery Chloride Exide, Hard Way the Only Way
Pronouns e.g. My Heart‟s Desire etc.; Semantics e.g. Madonna of the Road , West Punch Electricals, Ebenezer Trade Centre, Practical Garage; Syntactic Structures e.g.
Parallelism: Tusker –Makes equal has no equal, Menora…Buy more for less
Repetition: G-TIDE: Touch me Touch the World etc.; Abbreviations: Double „M Variety Shop, Mobile World Com.Ltd; Participles: Winning Ways, Spiced Sound etc.
Invitation
Most of the collected ads either were made attractive by the context in which they appeared or the content (certain linguistic properties) like gradable adjectives, active verbs, nouns, semantical implications or syntactical structures, unusual word combinations, parallelism, personal pronouns, time, contacts and puns. Data was collected through an interview schedule bearing 30 sampled Ads representing various businesses related to vehicles, shops, food joints, services, goods and so forth. Forty respondents who were aged between 14 and 60 years drawn from students, business people, mechanics, housewives, teachers etc and from at least three different communities and were able to read at least two languages namely English and Kiswahili and a possible third language were interviewed. Their academic qualifications ranged from the primary school‟s last year examination to masters degree. The schedules were given out at random and each correspondence given fifteen to twenty minutes to answer the questions by ticking the item that they took fancy at.
The main objective of these interview was to determine the invitational potential consumer ads have on the reader or consumer since these respondents at one time or another happen to interact with these or similar ads in their day to day activities.
The interview schedule was divided into four columns. The first column provided the serial number of ads. The second column consisted a corresponding ad. The third column sought to find out which of the following aspects viz. name, spelling, meaning, arrangement and creativity, did the respondents find attractive. The respondents were required to pick at least a single item, the one in their opinion they found most attractive from the listed items. The last column requested the respondents to pick the comment they thought fitted the advert.
Conclusion
It was discovered that context determines largely how the reader will interpret the information on the basis of presuppositions that arise, by filling in the ellipses, second guessing the advertiser‟s intention, through schema and background knowledge. The ads clearly showed that in every utterance there can be existential, factive, non-factive, structural and counterfactual presuppositions Yule (1996) . There also exists presupposition triggers created by certain lexical items or linguistic constructions.
In ads presupposition helps to draw comparisons between advertised goods without raising serious legal crises as well as persuades potential buyers Lam (2009). Through presupposition we are able to establish an existence of objects, cultural behaviors, even when the ad is short and which makes it memorable without explanation. It was found out that every ad exists within a social and culturally structured framework and communication is enhanced on the basis of a reader‟s knowledge and experiences. Every ad assumes a public context every time it‟s put on display even if the message could be informal or private.
The relevance of an ad is always established according to a reader‟s set of beliefs and assumptions. The linguistic style adopted helps in communication of the intended message. Every ad raises both favourable and unfavourable contextual effects and implications in spite of the length of the text Byrne (1992). Several information can also be realized in an ad ranging from manifest information (description of product), environment (the background or origin of product), factive (factual attributes of the product), reminder (the use of repetition to emphasize the message) or incidental (some information that cannot be relevant to the consumer). RT assessment also proved that not all ads had clear referents; in some cases they were simply implied. Other RT aspects such as anticipatory hypothesis, phonetic effects and length of text were manifested in some of the ads.
references :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260598163_Language_Style_in_Advertisement
This study examines adverts associated with business premises, vehicles and institutions in languages like English, Kiswahili and Ekegusii that are found in the two towns of Kisii and Keroka. These adverts are studied in terms of context, content and invitation or persuasion potential using the semiotics linguistic landscape (L L) for easier categorization. The study employs the Sperber and Wilson theory of Relevance (RT) focusing on the narrowing and broadening of words’ meanings, disambiguation, and adding of social meaning; and presuppositions in the language, that formulate information and strategy of advertising.
Introduction
The modern world is bombarded with all sorts of advertising from the most sophisticated signage associated with technological advancement, employed by the rich corporations to the poor businesses‟ uneven graffiti or placards announcing sale of charcoal or kerosene in the backstreet. Since language forms the core of all advertising Schmidt and Kass (1986), Tanaka (1999), Borcers (2005), Lee (2008) assert that advertisers use rhetorical devices, techniques and strategies to achieve their goals of moving their audience and changing their attitudes.
Theoretical Framework
To study consumer advertising signs their linguistic means were analyzed through the use of Relevance Theory (RT) and the Pragmatic theory of presupposition. According to El-daly (2011) presupposition and relevance theory are important because they allow us to see the primary means by which advertisements can communicate much more information than what is explicitly presented in them.
Presupposition Theory and Advertising
Yule (2007) defines presupposition (pre-supposition = „an assumption that comes before‟) as an assumption by a speaker or writer about what is true or already known by the listener or reader. It is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Presupposition is a kind of pragmatic inference “based more closely on the actual linguistic structure of sentences” Levinson (1989: 167). Strawson (1952) defines it as a type of pragmatic inference. For example, a sentence such as “The cold war has ended” presupposes the existence of the entities it refers to, in this case the „cold war‟. According to Lam (2009) presupposition makes an advertisement persuasive and comparative, short and memorable without breaking regulations. Sells and Gonzales (2002); calls it a carrier of cultural values and a form of cultural and social communication. Pollay (1986) believes this makes it possible for information to be shared between the reader and advertiser without explanation or need for convincing.
Methodology
The fact that there were numerous signs in these towns that could attract study, sampling was done. In fact it was not possible to test the whole population during research Kathuri and Pals (1993). In total there were 175 ads collected but using Krejcie and Morgan‟s (1970) sampling technique 120 adverts were selected. The study used purposive sampling technique to arrive at the sample that was used in data analysis. The underlying principle of this method involved identifying in advance the type of areas to be studied Milroy, (1987). The researcher used purposive sampling based on those signs that he deemed possessed the most informative and communicative aspects for this study. A preliminary classification helped to sort out just what was being investigated; what types of advertisements, for what products, in what media and so on (Dyer 1982). Milroy (1987) argues that large samples will only amount to large amounts of data and consume more time to analyze, yet the result will not be dissimilar.
Key Summary Based on the Finding
Dijk (1977) observes that Context involves properties of the utterance, para-linguistic properties, actual observation, knowledge/beliefs in memory, type of interaction going on, both local and global level, knowledge about inter(action rules) and word knowledge. On the other hand, social context is characterized by following categories namely, private, public, institutional or formal and informal. These social contexts are equally determined by the following properties: Positions (e.g. rules, status etc.); Properties (e.g. sex, age); Relations (e.g. dominance, authority) Functions (e.g., father, judge, and waitress. Through the use of linguistic landscape the study realized the following categories depicting the physical world in which these ads exist as pointed out above.
Vehicles
Public Passenger Vehicles e.g. Best one, Game Short; My Heart‟s Desire; Madonna of the Road; Adhiambo Sianda etc. Personal Private Vehicle’s e.g. Seriously Kenyan; The Animal etc. Service Vehicles e.g. Royal Maternity; No Hurry in Africa etc.
Goods and Services
Supermarkets e.g. Tuskys Chigware, Pay less Get More; Menora two thousand and eight Supermarket: Buy more for less etc. Shops e.g. Bike Bokie Traders; Double „M Variety Shop; Bajaj: Distinctly Ahead etc. Food Joints e.g. Jirani Take Away Chips; Tea Room Old Skool “A one stop turbo filling station” etc. Goods e.g. G-TIDE Touch me Touch the World; Tuff Foam Lala Salama etc. Services e.g. Bon Artist 20 Minutes Service; Chap Chap Kinyozi etc. Information Technology e.g. Computer Factor (K) Ltd.; Top Focus Communication etc.
Institutions
Public Schools e.g. St. Charles Lwanga Girls‟ High School. Summum Bonum, Motto: Accompanied with Aspire to Excel; Kisii (GAS) High School: Strive for Excellence
Private Schools e.g. Vision Junior Academy; Pre-school & Class 1-4: Gateway to Success; A.I.C Grace Academy .Motto: By God’s Grace We Excel Churches e.g.
African Inland Church Kisii Town …Location behind Kisii Primary; Redeemed Gospel Church: Place of Impartation &Commissioning, Along Hema Hospital Road etc.
Medical e.g. Framo Medical Clinic AMUA! Family Planning Clinic; Jipangie Maisha . Ministry of Medical Services Masaba District Hospital. Huduma Bora ni Haki Yako etc.
Banks e.g. Family Bank: Your Partner for Life; KWFT: Microfinance: Banking on Women, etc.
The above categories are representative of what the researcher collected in the Keroka and Kisii towns. The represent of the existing social and cultural contexts Belch and Belch (1995) Klima (2008). According to Cook (2001) shared information (schema) between the audience and advertiser, plays such an essential role through ellipsis and assumptions of shared knowledge, to the extend ads create an atmosphere of intimacy and informality.
Content
The section involved assessing the lexical, semantic and syntactic properties of the sampled ads. The first step was picking on the parts of speech of the English Grammar. The recurring parts were nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions. Articles, numbers and abbreviations also featured in most of the ads. At a glance nouns made the bulk of these items followed by adjectives, adverbs, verbs in that order.
Nouns e.g. Blessings, Revolution; Noun Phrases e.g. The Animal, Prestige Shuttle; Active
Verbs e.g. Double „M Variety Shop, Tuma Pesa Season Logistics
Verbal Phrases e.g. Bend Over; Adjectival Phrases e.g. Latest News, Fine Couch Salon
Adverbial Phrases e.g. Long Lasting Battery Chloride Exide, Hard Way the Only Way
Pronouns e.g. My Heart‟s Desire etc.; Semantics e.g. Madonna of the Road , West Punch Electricals, Ebenezer Trade Centre, Practical Garage; Syntactic Structures e.g.
Parallelism: Tusker –Makes equal has no equal, Menora…Buy more for less
Repetition: G-TIDE: Touch me Touch the World etc.; Abbreviations: Double „M Variety Shop, Mobile World Com.Ltd; Participles: Winning Ways, Spiced Sound etc.
Invitation
Most of the collected ads either were made attractive by the context in which they appeared or the content (certain linguistic properties) like gradable adjectives, active verbs, nouns, semantical implications or syntactical structures, unusual word combinations, parallelism, personal pronouns, time, contacts and puns. Data was collected through an interview schedule bearing 30 sampled Ads representing various businesses related to vehicles, shops, food joints, services, goods and so forth. Forty respondents who were aged between 14 and 60 years drawn from students, business people, mechanics, housewives, teachers etc and from at least three different communities and were able to read at least two languages namely English and Kiswahili and a possible third language were interviewed. Their academic qualifications ranged from the primary school‟s last year examination to masters degree. The schedules were given out at random and each correspondence given fifteen to twenty minutes to answer the questions by ticking the item that they took fancy at.
The main objective of these interview was to determine the invitational potential consumer ads have on the reader or consumer since these respondents at one time or another happen to interact with these or similar ads in their day to day activities.
The interview schedule was divided into four columns. The first column provided the serial number of ads. The second column consisted a corresponding ad. The third column sought to find out which of the following aspects viz. name, spelling, meaning, arrangement and creativity, did the respondents find attractive. The respondents were required to pick at least a single item, the one in their opinion they found most attractive from the listed items. The last column requested the respondents to pick the comment they thought fitted the advert.
Conclusion
It was discovered that context determines largely how the reader will interpret the information on the basis of presuppositions that arise, by filling in the ellipses, second guessing the advertiser‟s intention, through schema and background knowledge. The ads clearly showed that in every utterance there can be existential, factive, non-factive, structural and counterfactual presuppositions Yule (1996) . There also exists presupposition triggers created by certain lexical items or linguistic constructions.
In ads presupposition helps to draw comparisons between advertised goods without raising serious legal crises as well as persuades potential buyers Lam (2009). Through presupposition we are able to establish an existence of objects, cultural behaviors, even when the ad is short and which makes it memorable without explanation. It was found out that every ad exists within a social and culturally structured framework and communication is enhanced on the basis of a reader‟s knowledge and experiences. Every ad assumes a public context every time it‟s put on display even if the message could be informal or private.
The relevance of an ad is always established according to a reader‟s set of beliefs and assumptions. The linguistic style adopted helps in communication of the intended message. Every ad raises both favourable and unfavourable contextual effects and implications in spite of the length of the text Byrne (1992). Several information can also be realized in an ad ranging from manifest information (description of product), environment (the background or origin of product), factive (factual attributes of the product), reminder (the use of repetition to emphasize the message) or incidental (some information that cannot be relevant to the consumer). RT assessment also proved that not all ads had clear referents; in some cases they were simply implied. Other RT aspects such as anticipatory hypothesis, phonetic effects and length of text were manifested in some of the ads.
references :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260598163_Language_Style_in_Advertisement
Kamis, 22 September 2016
Kinds of Advertising / Advertisement
- Advertisement about family
ads that contain any of the ancestry, this ad is generally more of a column or display ads which may be seen in the newspapers. The characteristics that can be encountered on the ad family is a little illustrations may not even exist, and more words or written messages. Example ad family is news births, birthdays, deaths, etc. For example an ad family, you can see below.
- Commercial advertisement
ads that introduce, offer, promoting the products of the company to the general public and persuade them to use the products that are advertised. Of course, these ads are processed through the media, and most of us see the ads on television or radio, do not you think? And the picture below is one example of commercial advertisements that are often found in the media.
- Classified advertisement
This ad we find in print media such as newspapers. This ad is a development of the previous ads appeared in newspapers by displaying allure attractive pictures and words as needed. Examples of classified ads that many common land is selling advertising, advertising sales house, car sales advertising, job advertisements, etc. Examples of classified ads like the pictures you can see the below.
- Public service advertisement
ads created to convey social messages to the public. In general, this ad circulated when the community is facing certain problems. Examples of public service advertising is advertising the dangers of smoking, the dangers of drug ads, the ad call to conserve electricity, etc. Example ad as you can see below.
Reference :
http://posterina.blogspot.com/2015/04/macam-macam-iklan-beserta-contohnya.html
Definition of Advertising / Advertisement from the experts.
Definition advertising / advertisement from the experts.
- KBBI ( Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia )
messages to encourage, persuade the general public to be interested in the goods and services offered, tell to the audience about the goods or services sold, installed in the media (such as newspapers and magazines) or in a public place. - Wikipedia
promotional items such as goods, services, places of business or idea that should be paid by the sponsor. In the world of marketing management, advertising is one of the global promotional strategy or overall. - Krisyantono ( 2008 )
non-personal form of communication that sell messages persuasively clear of sponsors in order to influence people to buy the product by paying a fee for the media being used. - Durianto ( 2003 )
communication processes that aim to persuade or lead people to take action that is beneficial to the advertisers. - Suhandang ( 2005 )
one type of mass communication techniques with pay room or time to broadcast information about the goods and services offered by the advertiser. - Wright ( 1978 )
a communication process that has a very important force as a marketing tool that is very helpful in selling goods, providing services and ideas through certain channels in the form of persuasive information. - Kotler ( 2002 )
advertising as a form of presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by a non-personal certain links that require payment.
Reference :
http://www.seputarpengetahuan.com/2015/12/12-pengertian-iklan-menurut-para-ahli-terlengkap.html
The Difference between Advertising and Advertisement
Advertising
The meaning of advertising is the entire process including the preparation, planning, implementation, and monitoring delivery of advertisements.
Example of advertising
Advertisement
The meaning of advertisement is a text that has the objective to announce a something that appeals to many people and that adds a well known product in all public.
The meaning of advertising is the entire process including the preparation, planning, implementation, and monitoring delivery of advertisements.
Example of advertising
FOR SALE!
A cozy house. Located at belimbing street number 11, South Jakarta. The house consists of the following:
- A living room, a dining room, a study room, a kitchen, two bathrooms and a garage.
- Children’s bedroom upstairs and the main bedroom downstairs.
- Has 3000 V power, telephone line, and wifi.
Serious buyer contacts: Lia 021-7678665
Advertisement
The meaning of advertisement is a text that has the objective to announce a something that appeals to many people and that adds a well known product in all public.
The
functions and purpose of advertisement :
1. To invite people to buy and use the products or
services.
2. To announce people about
products or services.
Example of advertisement
Kramatwatu 31-39 road nursepi
phone: 421465
Room rate:
Economy: Rp 150.000.00
Standard: Rp 200.000.00
Suite: Rp 490.000.00
For a card that has a vianesia hotel, rental prices can be discounted by 20%,vianesia hotel card can be purchased for RP. 150.000.00
facilities:
Air conditioning, swimming pool, restaurant, children's playground, a computer room, a bookstore, a golf course, and much more.
for a 85% discount Monday
check out time: 13 noon
The point is advertisement means a form of persuasive messages delivered through a paid media. while advertising is the process of an advertisement.
phone: 421465
Room rate:
Economy: Rp 150.000.00
Standard: Rp 200.000.00
Suite: Rp 490.000.00
For a card that has a vianesia hotel, rental prices can be discounted by 20%,vianesia hotel card can be purchased for RP. 150.000.00
facilities:
Air conditioning, swimming pool, restaurant, children's playground, a computer room, a bookstore, a golf course, and much more.
for a 85% discount Monday
check out time: 13 noon
The point is advertisement means a form of persuasive messages delivered through a paid media. while advertising is the process of an advertisement.
References :
http://www.pengertianku.net/2015/11/pengertian-advertising-dan-fungsinya-atau-tujuannya.html
http://www.tutorialbahasainggris.com/5-contoh-advertisement-singkat-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html
http://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/advertisement-pengertian-tujuan-jenis-ciri-generic-structure-dan-contohnya-dalam-bahasa-inggris/
http://brechonana.blogspot.com/2014/09/7-contoh-advertisement-text-dalam.html
http://belajartanpabuku.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/pengertian-iklan-dan-periklanan.html
https://anakampunk.wordpress.com/2012/11/22/pengertian-iklan-dan-periklanan/
http://www.tutorialbahasainggris.com/5-contoh-advertisement-singkat-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html
http://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/advertisement-pengertian-tujuan-jenis-ciri-generic-structure-dan-contohnya-dalam-bahasa-inggris/
http://brechonana.blogspot.com/2014/09/7-contoh-advertisement-text-dalam.html
http://belajartanpabuku.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/pengertian-iklan-dan-periklanan.html
https://anakampunk.wordpress.com/2012/11/22/pengertian-iklan-dan-periklanan/
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